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The Kingdom of This World, Reimagined

A Timeline of the Haitian Revolution through the Events of KoTW

Circa 1755

Makandal, the Mandingue Slave, loses his arm in a sugar mill accident. He flees the sugar plantation of Monsieur Lenormand de Mézy, in the northern region of the colony where he was enslaved. Makandal escapes into the lush landscape of the region, learning to craft potions and poisons.


Circa 1757

Makandal, now the Lord of Poison, mobilizes enslaved laborers across the Plaine du Nord and soon releases poison throughout the land, indiscriminately killing animals and humans.


January 1758

Makandal returns to the region as "The Restored. The Transformed." Though M. Lenormand de Mézy attempts to burn the revel at the stake, Makandal instead channels his newfound powers and transforms into an insect, flying overhead and evading capture. Makandal is never seen again, becoming legendary throughout the land. The historical figure of François Makandal was in fact executed in Cap Haïtien for his seditious acts.


Circa 1775

The Comédie du Cap, a theater in Cap-Français, fully opens to the public and M. Lenormand de Mézy is frequently in attendance. The future King Henri Cristophe (born Grenada, 1767–1820), originally brought to Saint-Domingue as a slave, works as a chef at the Auberge de la Couronne inn. Ti Noël has fathered twelve children, to whom he teaches the stories of Makandal with hopes that his friend will one day return.


1789

National Constituent Assembly is formed in France on the eve of the French Revolution. In addition to their many legislative acts, the Assembly proclaims that all sons of manumitted slaves across the French empire be given rights as citizens. Word starts to spread throughout Saint Domingue that "something had happened in France."


October 1790

The first stirrings of revolution occur with the Ogé Rebellion, an unsuccessful revolt led by affranchise against white colonial authorities in Saint-Domingue.


August 14, 1791

Bois Caïman Ceremony takes place, presided over by Dutty Boukman (simply named Bouckman, "the Jamaican," in the novel), who serves as the houngan (priest) and conducts a series of ritual activities dedicated to Ogoun, the Lwa (Diety) of War.


August 22, 1791

Conch shells are sounded across the land and the insurrection of Saint-Domingue's enslaved population marks an official start to revolutionary action.


Circa October, 1791

The rebellion is stopped with people of color put to death across the region. M. Lenormand de Mézy flees to Cuba with Ti Noël and twelve other slaves in order to save their lives and save his assets.


November 7, 1791

Bouckman is killed by members of the French plantocracy. His severed head is displayed on a stake so the public will bear witness to his crimes.


September 21, 1972

France is declared a Republic, thus abolishing the monarchy and institutional enslavement.


January 1793

French King Louis XVI is beheaded.


1794

Enslavement is officially abolished across all French colonies.


1796

The publication of Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de Saint-Dominigue by Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750–1819), a text that addresses the creolization of subjects of the territory of Saint-Domingue with concern for blood purity, genealogy, and culture. Saint-Méry's text develops a rigid hierarchy of black-white miscegenation through distinct castes and sub-categories.


February 4, 1801

Constitution drafted for Saint-Domingue at the behest of Toussaint L'Ouverture, signed July 1801. Catholicism is named the official religion. L'Ouverture is appointed rule for life. Freed slaves become indentured servants on the plantations where they were previously enslaved.


December 14, 1801

Pauline Bonaparte (1780–1825) boards ship with her husband General Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc (1772–1802) and takes a forty-five-day voyage across the Atlantic to Saint-Domingue.


Circa 1802

Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1725–1807) leads expeditionary troops into Saint-Domingue on behalf of the French Crown. Rochambeau's brutal force inadvertently helps to unify and ultimately strengthen the disparate factions of soldiers rebelling against the French.


May 20, 1802

Napoleon reinstitutes enslavement to ensure Frensh sovereignty across the empire.


Circa August 1802

Yellow fever overtakes the Cap-Français, forcing Pauline Bonaparte to flee the region. Another insurrection becomes imminent.


November 1803

Rochambeau surrenders to Jean-Jacques Dessalines, leading to the declaration of Haitian independence.


January 1, 1804

Haiti, under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Dessaline (1758–1806) officially declares independence from France and abolishes enslavement once again across the territory.


1806

Jean Jacques Dessalines assassinated.


Circa 1810

Ti Noël, now in Santiago de Cuba, buys his freedom and travels back to Saint-Domingue. Ti Noël reaches the former plantation of M. Lenormand de Mézy, where he was formerly enslaved. He discovers that the region has been transformed under the rule of Henri Christophe, and that black subjects now occupy all levels of social strata.


1810–1813

Palace at Sans Souci constructed.


March 26, 1811

Henri Christophe officially crowns himself King of Haiti, ruling over a kingdom in the northern half of the land, including Cap Haïtien and the Plaine-du-Nord.


Circa 1817

Ti Noël finds himself wandering on the grounds of Sans Souci when he is captured and imprisoned by Henri Christophe's guards. Ti Noël is forced into manual labor, carrying bricks up the mountainside to construct the Citadel La Farriére.


Circa 1820

Ti Noël escapes the Citadel and winds his way down the coast.


August 1820

After a vision of the immured Corneille Breille, Duke of Anse and Christophe's former confessor, to whom he behaved poorly, King Henri Christophe suffers a paralytic stroke.


October 8, 1820

Henri Christophe commits suicide at the Palace of Sans Souci as the bastion comes under siege. The Palace is pillaged and burnt.


Circa 1820–1825

Feeling newly liberated after acquiring regal attire from the deceased Henri Christophe, Ti Noël settles again in the northern region of Haiti, near Cap Haïtien, enjoying a time of peace, freedom, and spirituality.


1826

In an effort to slow economic decline, Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer institutes the Rural Code, a semi-feudal fermage system in which peasants are tied to agricultural labor. Frustrated with the aristocratic impositions of Boyer's administration, Ti Noël summons the transformative powers learned from his friend Makandal and transforms himself into animal form, thus removing himself from the turmoil of the country's political problems. Ti Noël settles on the form of a goose, believing their community to be welcoming and egalitarian. However, Ti Noël finds himself to be a perpetual outsider, ostracized from even this seemingly warm community, so he transforms back into a human, in which form he finally passes away.


December 26, 1904

Alejo Carpentier is born in Lausanne, Switzerland. His family moves to Cuba shortly after his birth.


1928–1939

Due to his subversive publications, Carpentier leaves Cuba and lives in self-imposed exile in Paris.


1943

Accompanied by French theatrical director Louis Jouvet, Carpentier travels from Cuba to Haiti, visiting historical sites throughout Cap Haïtien. This trip will become the inspiration for The Kingdom of This World.


1949

Carpentier completes The Kingdom of This World, including a prologue discussion of lo real maravilloso ("the marvelous real"), an influential approach to the unique and unbelievable reality and legacy of Latin America.


April 24, 1980

After a battle with cancer, Carpentier dies in Paris. His remains were sent across the Atlantic and interred at the Colon Cemetery in Havana, Cuba.